To solve an exponential formula (where the X is in the exponent), you need logs. In algebra courses, they don't go into how to actually solve a logarithm, you simply need to transform to its logarithmic form.
Here is how to convert from one form to the other
Once you have it in this form, for algebra courses, you are expected to use a calculator from there.
To actually solve equations in logarithmic form manually (assuming it isn't one of the basic ones that you would know in your head), you need calculus.
Here are the main series if you want to delve into it:
On the ti-84 calcs, the logBASE command allows you to solve a log. Obviously it can't do any fancy calculus and has to resort to numerical methods. I believe it uses a combination of the CORDIC algorithm with a lookup table, which converges at one bit per iteration, so it takes a fixed constant number of iterations to compute any log.